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Inhalable insulin is a powdered form of insulin, delivered with a nebulizer into the lungs where it is absorbed. A 2007 systematic review concluded that inhaled insulin "appears to be as effective, but no better than injected short-acting insulin. The additional cost is so much more that it is unlikely to be cost-effective."〔 Exubera, developed by Pfizer, became the first inhaled insulin product to be marketed in 2006,〔 but poor sales led Pfizer to withdraw it in 2007.〔 Afrezza, developed by Mannkind, was approved by the FDA in 2014.〔http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm403122.htm〕 == History == Insulin was introduced by Banting and Best from the University of Toronto in 1921 as an injectable agent. German researchers first introduced the idea of inhalable insulin in 1924.〔 Years of failure followed until scientists realized they might be able to use new technologies to turn insulin into a concentrated powder with particles sized for inhalation. In the 1980s Nektar Therapeutics developed technology to make insulin into small particles that they licensed to Pfizer; Alkermes developed a delivery device that they licensed to Eli Lilly and Company.〔 Once concrete methods were developed, human tests began in the late 1990s.〔 In January 2006, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the use of Exubera, a form of inhalable insulin developed by Pfizer;〔 it was approved in the UK in August 2006 but reimbursed by the National Health Service only for people who had problems with needles.〔BBC Aug 4, 2006 ( Inhaled insulin given UK launch )〕 However, in 2007, Pfizer announced that it would no longer manufacture or market Exubera. According to Chairman and CEO Jeffrey Kindler this was because Exubera "failed to gain acceptance among patients and physicians."〔 At the time of Exubera's discontinuation, several other companies were pursuing inhaled insulin including Alkermes working with Eli Lilly and Company,〔 MannKind Corporation,〔〔 and Aradigm working with Novo Nordisk. By March 2008, all of these products had been discontinued except for MannKind’s Afrezza product.〔 On March 16, 2009 MannKind submitted an NDA for their inhalable insulin. In 2011 the FDA denied approval of Afrezza and requested additional clinical trials to its product, the design of which had changed, to ensure that people would use it the same way as the earlier versions〔http://www.news.mannkindcorp.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=147953&p=irol-newsArticle&ID=1517413&highlight= MannKind Corporation Receives Complete Response Letter from the FDA for AFREZZA(R)〕 After conducting further studies, Mannkind submitted a new application, and in June, 2014, the FDA approved Affreza for both Type I and Type II adult diabetics, with a label restriction for patients having asthma, active lung cancer or COPD.〔〔http://www.mannkindcorp.com/Collateral/Documents/English-US/Afrezza_PrescribingInformation.pdf〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「inhalable insulin」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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